Production of approved recombinant biopharmaceuticals has been limited to a very few host organisms. These include a few mammalian cell lines, the bacterium E.coli and a few species of yeast. Microbial systems such as bacteria and yeast have distinct advantages over the standard cell-culture systems, including cost and speed of scale-up. Cost of goods (COGS) and speed to market are becoming more critical factors in the overall planning of development and production as biologics assume a larger and more competitive presence in the marketplace. These alternative systems, as well as new, more productive microbial hosts such as filamentous fungi, will be increasingly desirable. For this reason, as well as because of licensing issues, the NeuBIOS™ platform for production of biopharmaceuticals represents an increasingly attractive alternative.